Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

Social Databases, Normalization, and SQL A database is an application that can store and recover information quickly. The social piece alludes to how the information is put away in the database and how it is composed. At the point when we talk about a database, we mean a social database, truth be told, a RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a social database, all information is put away in tables. These have a similar structure rehashed in each line (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a social table. Before social databases were developed (during the 1970s), different kinds of database, for example, various leveled databases were utilized. Anyway social databases have been exceptionally fruitful for organizations like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world additionally has RDBMS. Business Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL Server Ingres. The main business RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Carefully these are not social databases but rather RDBMS. They give security, encryption, client get to and can process SQL inquiries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a PC researcher who contrived the laws of standardization in 1970. This was a scientific method of depicting the properties of a social database utilizing tables. He thought of 12 laws that portray what a social database and a RDBMS does and a few laws of standardization that depict the properties of social information. Just information that had been standardized could be viewed as social. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of customer records that will be placed into a social database. A few customers have a similar data, state various parts of a similar organization with a similar charging address. In a spreadsheet, this location is on numerous columns. In transforming the spreadsheet into a table, all the customers text tends to must be moved into another table and each doled out an extraordinary ID-state the qualities 0,1,2. These qualities are put away in the fundamental customer table so all lines utilize the ID, not the content. A SQL proclamation can remove the content for a given ID. What Is a Table? Consider it resembling a rectangular spreadsheet comprised of lines and sections. Every section determines the sort of information put away (numbers, strings or paired information -, for example, pictures). Not at all like a spreadsheet where the client is allowed to have various information on each line, in a database table, each column can just contain the sorts of information that were determined. In C and C, this resembles a variety of structs, where one struct holds the information for one line. For more data see Normalizing a database in the Database Design some portion of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two different ways: By means of a Database Server.Via a Database File. Utilizing a database record is the more seasoned strategy, increasingly fit to work area applications. For example Microsoft Access, however that is being eliminated for Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an amazing open space database written in C that holds information in one document. There are coverings for C, C, C# and different dialects. A database server is a server application running locally or on an arranged PC. A large portion of the huge databases are server based. These take more organization however are typically quicker and progressively hearty. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? For the most part, these require the accompanying subtleties. IP or Domain name of the server. In the event that it is the on a similar PC as you, utilize 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name. Server Port For MySQL this is typically 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are numerous customer applications that can converse with a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to make databases, set security, run upkeep occupations, questions and obviously structure and change database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a straightforward language that gives directions to building and altering the structure of databases and for adjusting the information put away in the tables. The primary orders used to alter and recover information are: Select - Fetches information. Addition - Inserts at least one columns of information. Update - Modifies existing row(s) of information Delete - Deletes lines of information. There are a few ANSI/ISO norms, for example, ANSI 92, one of the most famous. This characterizes a base subset of bolstered explanations. Most compiler sellers bolster these gauges. End Any nontrivial application can utilize a database and a SQL-based database is a decent spot to begin. When you have aced the setup and controlling of the database then you need to learn SQL to make it function admirably. The speed at which a database can recover information is amazing and present day RDBMS are mind boggling and profoundly advanced applications. Open source databases like MySQL are quick moving toward the force and ease of use of the business opponents and drive numerous databases on sites. Step by step instructions to Connect to a Database in Windows utilizing ADO Automatically, there are different APIs that give access to database servers. Under Windows, these incorporate ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a supplier programming that interfaces a database to ADO, at that point the database can be gotten to. Windows from 2000 has this inherent. Attempt the accompanying. It should take a shot at Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever introduced MDAC. On the off chance that you havent and need to attempt this, visit Microsoft.com, do a quest for MDAC Download and download any form, 2.6 or higher. Make an unfilled record called test.udl. Right snap in Windows Explorer on the record and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This discourse lets you associate with any database with an introduced supplier, even exceed expectations spreadsheets! Select the primary tab (Provider) as opens as a matter of course at the Connection tab. Select a supplier at that point click Next. The information source name shows the various kinds of gadget accessible. In the wake of filling in username and secret word, click the Test Connection button. After you press the alright catch, you can open the test.udl with document with Wordpad. It ought to contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the significant one, it contains the arrangement subtleties. In the event that your database has a secret word, it will be appeared here, so this is certainly not a safe strategy! This string can be incorporated with applications that utilization ADO and will let them interface with the predefined database. Utilizing ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) gives an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers accessible for pretty much every database in presence. Be that as it may, ODBC gives another layer of correspondence between an application and the database and this can cause execution punishments.

Syllabus Psy310

Copyright  ©2012, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights held. Course Description The reason for this course is to acquaint the understudy with the different techniques for request, phrasings, and hypothetical frameworks that involve the historical backdrop of brain science. A more extensive view is utilized to present the cutting edge period of brain science and its utilization. These include: structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, analysis, and phenomenological/existential approaches.Policies Faculty and understudies/students will be considered answerable for comprehension and holding fast to all strategies contained inside the accompanying two archives: University arrangements: You should be signed into the understudy site to see this record. †¢ Instructor approaches: This archive is posted in the Course Materials discussion. College arrangements are liable to change. Make certain to peruse the approaches toward the start of each class. Approaches migh t be somewhat unique relying upon the methodology wherein you go to class. On the off chance that you have as of late changed modalities, read the approaches overseeing your present class methodology. Course Materials Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A past filled with current brain science (third ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.All electronic materials are accessible on the understudy site. |Week One: Psychology in Historical Perspective: Early Developments | |The Mind/Body Relationships of Psychology | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Examine the roots in early way of thinking that lead to current brain research. | |Identify significant thinkers in the western convention that were essential supporters of the | |formation of brain research as an order. | |Explore the advancement of the study of brain science during the nineteenth century. | |Examine the verifiable components of the investigation of the physical body and mind in classical times. | |Describe significant advancements in medicatio n and organic investigations that added to the early | |field of brain research. | |Identify major authentic strides toward the mapping of mind structures that are related | |with social procedures. | |Reading |Read Ch. of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by Wed. |0 | |Reading |Read Ch. 2 of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by |0 | |Fri. | |Reading |Read Ch. 3 of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by |0 | |Sun. | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Wrap up by |0 | |Mon. | |Participation |Participate in class conversation. |Submit 2 posts |2 | |on 4 of 7 days | |Remember to partake in the class conversations 4 out of 7 days during the week (for | |clarification see Course and Instructor Policies).Please survey the What I Expect materials | |in the Course Materials Forum. You may likewise need to survey the How You Will Be Evaluated | |materials to perceive how your support posts will be reviewed. Singular presents on the Main | |Forum wil l tally towards your group support score. | |Discussion Questions |Respond to week after week conversation questions. Marry. , Fri. , and |2 | |Sun. | |DQs will be posted in the Main Forum. If you don't mind audit the What I Expect materials in the Course| | |Materials Forum. You may likewise need to audit the How You Will Be Evaluated materials to see | |how your conversation addresses will be reviewed. | |Individual |Check into the class. Get ready for the course by perusing the entirety of the posts in the Course |Tues. , 10/30/12|0 | |Check Into Class |Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and the Chat Forum. Download the schedule, educator | |policies and course task schedule. Post an answer to the Check-in string in the Main | |Forum, under the string Getting Organized.Please show that you have perused the following:| | |You have perused the schedule and teacher arrangements records and comprehend what is required | |in this course. | |You have perused all the materials I posted in the Course Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and | |the Chat Forum. | |You comprehend and consent to the cooperation necessities. | |Individual |Post your own profile to the Chat Forum. If it's not too much trouble guarantee you state what your desires are |Wed. , 10/31/12 |0 | |Post Bio in Chat Forum |for this class.

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students work with Professor Yasmine Ergas and counterparts in Milan to consider how migration law affects polygamous families Nearly a dozen SIPA students have been working this semester with Professor Yasmine Ergas, director of the specialization on Gender and Public Policy, to look into the gendered nature of migration experience and migration law. The students have been analyzing legal cases to understand what happens when polygamous families attempt to seek asylum in the United States or United Kingdom. Cases in which polygamous families attempt to resettle in the European Union or United States are relatively rare today, butâ€"in light of the massive shift in migration movements due to current conflict in the Middle Eastâ€"Ergas sees this issue coming to the forefront in the near future. Ergas is quick to point out that polygamous marriages are not a new concern in the United States, noting the significant case law around this issue. Says Nilay Tuncok MIA ’17, a student participating in the project, “Polygamy has been part of the U.S. legal system for centuries, through multiple Supreme Court decisions and exclusionary immigration laws of the 19th century.” Tuncok and other SIPA and Columbia students participating in the project are also collaborating with a cohort of students at the University of Milan who are conducting research in tandem. The collaboration allows students to share their research and understand the similarities of and differences between the United States and EU and to recognize the different frameworks and contexts that the different cohorts of students are coming from. Rose Elizabeth Cutts, a student in Columbia’s M.A. program in Human Rights student who is also participating in the project, said “The Milan group has been really interesting to talk with partly due to the differing experiences of polygamy in the U.S. and Italy.” The research is also appropriate because of the recent shift in cultural understandings of what makes a family unit. “This is a time where we are rethinking what we mean by family and marriage,” Ergas said. Tuncok said the project has helped her to understand how this changing understanding of family is reflected in the law: “I’ve learned to better analyze legal documents, such as looking at how the change in definition of ‘family’ in both U.S. and international law has affected the immigration status of women in polygamous marriages over the years.” The issue furthermore calls into question concerns about the disproportionate impact these immigration policies have on women. As Ergas pointed out, “Women are the ones that will experience the exclusion.” For example, if spouses are forced to choose one partner to be their legal wife in a new country that does not recognize polygamy, what happens to the other wives and their children? What happens to their rights to inheritance, social security, health care, child protection, and other resources?   While the premise of family reunification for asylum seeker and refugees is often to prioritize keeping families together, how does that priority shift when it comes to polygamous relations? “Laws have a gendered impact on women in polygamous marriages,” said Tuncok. “For instance, the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the U.S. required a person to have good moral character to self-petition for permanent resident status, but the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 considered those practicing polygamy as persons of immoral character, leaving these women at a disadvantage and unable to claim rights.” Tiff van Huysen, a participating student from Columbia’s M.A. program in Climate and Society, said “The migration process is much more complex than I imagined and that case law and statutory laws do not necessarily provide a clear means by which to reduce that complexity. For example, in the United States, our laws and court systems are really not designed to address issues that may arise in polygamous marriages and that legalizing polygamy would present significant challenges to our current legal system.” Ergas also noted that the abolition of the practice of polygamy itself is an important cornerstone in gender equality in the West; to simply legalize polygamy would not appear to be in line with Western normative standards around gender equality. She stressed that this issue has to be considered in the context of changing norms regarding family and private life more generally. “How do we address this in a way that is fair?,” she asked. “We have to understand the problem, understand how countries are trying to cope, and what is happening to the people involved.” â€" Kristen Grennan MPA ’16 [Pictured: Yasmine Ergas (standing) and students teleconference with collaborators in Milan.]

Analysis Of The Slave Mother - 1176 Words

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. â€Å"The Slave Mother.† Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/51977/the-slave-mother-56d23017ceaad. Accessed 4 Sept. 2017. Frances Harper is a respected American figure who wrote works regarding abolition and educational equality. As the child of two free black parents, she had a passionate view on racial equality. After seeing her help slaves escape through the Underground Railroad and publish a myriad of anti-slavery newspapers, people began to deem her as the mother of African American journalism. Her poem The Slave Mother depicts the relationship between an enslaved mother and her child. The mother’s servitude restricts the encounters that she is able to have with her son. This†¦show more content†¦2017. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Hawthorne was a part of a deep Puritan family. His ancestors, William and John Hawthorne, were harsh judges in the Puritan society of the 17th century, so Nathaniel Hawthorne decided to add a â€Å"w† to his family name to distance himself from their notoriety. In order to create a legacy for himself, Hawthorne began to write fiction. His fame arose from his mastery of the art of allegories and symbolism within his works. Besides The Scarlet Letter, another famous work by Hawthorne is â€Å"The Birthmark.† â€Å"The Birthmark† is a short story that implores people to be grateful for the achievements they have obtained. In the short story, Hawthorne depicts Aylmer, the main character, as a man completely intrigued by science. However, he finds time to marry a beautiful woman named Georgiana. One peculiar characteristic of Georgiana is a birthmark in the shape of a hand that is imprinted upon her face. Aylmer tries to remove it from her to perfect her beauty, but in the process, he ends up killing her. The death of Georgiana represents Hawthorne’s take on the American dream. The American dream is the idea that every American has the opportunity to achieve success through hard work. â€Å"The Birthmark† has an unique way of discussing the American Dream by focusing on the death that the ambition of a character inflicts instead of focusing on the happiness that a character obtains through perseverance. This peculiarity allows Hawthorne toShow MoreRelatedResponses to Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two Story White House, North884 Words   |  4 Pageswhich is the name given to a free black slave, even though this name was given to a slave that was free did not mean you were free. This story exposes how the racial dynamics of slavery are replicated in the interracial encounters outside slavery. Our Nig was a story of a slave that fit under this category of not being f ree when freedom existed. In this passage I will give my critical analysis of my interpretation of Our Nig Frado who was abandoned by her mother and left at the hands of the BelmontRead MoreAfrican American Women : An Examination Of Female Slavery1204 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Fogel, Stanley Engerman, Eugene Genovese, and Herbert Gutman have had a profound influence on research that uncovers the experiences of slaves in the antebellum South. Yet, these historians have only done so through the centered analysis of enslaved black men – this review will focus on two stereotypes and solidarity of women. Ar’n’t I A Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South by Deborah Gray White provides an examination of female slavery, in which, she analyzes the situation of the mostRead MoreThe Slave Auction832 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Slave Auction Analysis Imagine being ripped from your mother’s chest at a young age knowing you’ll never see her again. Listen to the screams of the little children around you as you hold on to your lover’s hand for dear life praying to every god imaginable that you two won’t be ripped apart.-- â€Å"I got a nice wench starting at 800†.-- Your grasp gets tighter as they examine you from head to toe. The bids are getting higher and higher, tears stroll down your face. You look at the stone coldRead MoreArnt I a Woman? Essay examples1659 Words   |  7 PagesDeborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historica l sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American historyRead More Deborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? Essay examples1629 Words   |  7 PagesDeborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historical sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American historyRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass911 Words   |  4 Pagesbackcountry of Maryland’s Eastern Shore† in 1818 (Gates et al. 327). By having a slave mother, Douglass was automatically considere d a slave (Gates et al. 327). Therefore, he faced many masters and mistresses; however, he eventually gained his freedom by escaping. Although Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave is not the first of its genre, it is the best-selling eighteenth-century fugitive slave narrative, surpassing classic white autobiographies as Henry David Thoreau’sRead MoreAlienation within Beloved Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same outcome in every instance. Put quite simply, the institution of slavery forms concrete and seemingly immovable walls between slave and master. Within this practice, members of these societies became locked into their respective roles. Erikson defines identity as â€Å"the conception of who one is and what one is over time and across situations†, (Day 3). Yet slaves in this day did not live through any variety of â€Å"situations†. Second only to the harsh conditions and emotional trauma of slavery wasRead MoreThe Tempest vs. European Colonialism961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Tempest by William Shakespeare because there are many correspondences between the European-African relationship and the American-African relationship. Similar to the American-African relationship where the Europeans are the colonizers and the slaves are the colonized, the European-African relationship has Prospero as the colonizer and Caliban as the colonized. Caliban holds up the colonialist interpretation of the Tempest partly through the meaning behind his name itself. Small hints like theRead MoreA Rose For A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl starts off by introducing the us to a slave girl who is known as Linda who represents Harriet Jacobs. The books narrates the life Harriet who was born into slavery in 1813 near Edenton, North Carolina. The time period where racial slurs had been widely and slavery was very popular. She had not know she was a slave girl until the solid age of six years after her childhood had been demolished. The main idea for publishing this book was to show the hardshipRead More Comparing Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time1278 Words   |  6 PagesSoul Writing in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time      Ã‚  Ã‚  Real writing, soul writing is dangerous; there is an intrinsic, gut-churning element of risk within the process of telling the truth, a risk that yields an adrenaline rush that parallels skydiving and skinny-dipping. The thrill of ones own truth displayed nakedly in little black letters on a white page is scary and beautiful, both chaining and freeing. The issue for authors, like skydivers, is that after they jump out

Why Communication Is Key, Do Words Open Doors - 961 Words

If communication is key, do words open doors? This essay will examine the importance of communication and how this can be used in circumstances to encourage positive or even a negative response dependant on the deliverance. Communication consists of transferring information from one source to another. There are many advantages to obtaining good communication skills as they can assist in achieving productivity and form strong relationships both social and professional; without effective communication, a message can turn into error or misunderstanding by being misinterpreted or poorly delivered. (Skills You Need. 2016. Communication Skills. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skillsyouneed.com/general/communication-skills.html. [Accessed 1 August 2016].) Various forms of communication consist of: Verbal, Non-Verbal such as body language and gestures, Written Communication through the use of letters, books or magazines, and Visualisation. Each form of communication consists of advantages and disadvantages. One of the main advantages of verbal communication is; it is shared much faster than other means of communication. This form also helps to save time considerably by delivering messages to the recipient almost instantly. In addition to this, it is easy to understand and facilitates fast interpretation when a message is delivered orally this then allows the recipient to obtain sufficient knowledge at an instant, this leaves room for any issues which may occur to beShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Of Non Verbal Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-verbal communication benefit a door to door sales person? Non-verbal communication is defined as communication without words. It is considered important in terms of effectiveness within the retail industry as non-verbal behaviour speaks volumes about what you are really trying to say. Evidence has shown although people may â€Å"strongly attend† to what you’re saying non-verbal communication â€Å"constitutes to two thirds of total communication† (Beall 2004,2). Hence why non-verbal communication is ableRead MoreCommunication Is The Language Of Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"The art of communication is the language of leadership.† Communication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are notRead MoreWhat Is Communication Research Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is Communication Research Introduction In this paper we will be discussing communication research, its purpose, goals, and its desired outcomes. Positivism is also a topic that will be touched on. After reading this paper you will be able to fully understand what communication research is and why people decide to go into the field. Body What is communication research? We can first take a look at the definition of the words communication and research as an individual. Please note thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication And Its Strategic Benefits962 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Communication Christina L Young, Student Grantham University Option 3: Traditional Paper Abstract In this paper, I approach what is the importance of communication. Miscommunication can be upsetting for lots of people, but with effective communication, we can start to minimize any frustrations. In this paper, I explain what communication is and the different types of communication that there are. Noted in my paper are the different communication styles and why communicationRead MoreCommunication Is Essential For Business As Well As Interpersonal Relationships1312 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are not sure what others mean, intend or desire, they are inclined toR ead More Technology’s Impact Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesknocks the door. â€Å"Hey I forgot my key, will you open the door for me,† Kate shouted. After five minutes, Kate went next door and knocked on her suitemate’s door. Her suitemate opened the door for her. She went through the bathroom, and reached to her own room. As she opened the door she was shocked; actually there was more of an angry expression on her face. â€Å"Ashley! Why didn’t you open the door for me? I told you I would be back in five minutes and I wasn’t bringing my key with me. Why did youRead MoreCommunicating Effectively Skills802 Words   |  4 PagesMastering Communication Axia College of University of Phoenix If all my possessions were taken from me with one exception, I would choose to keep the power for speech, for by it I would soon regain all the rest. – Daniel Webster We spend most our lives interacting with others. We all have different reasons to talk to different people. We say things in a certain way depending on who we are speaking too. There is a lot more to communication than just putting words together and sayingRead MoreEssay about Lincoln on Leadership1125 Words   |  5 Pagesdown four key areas that produced an effective leader in Lincoln. These areas are character, people, endeavor, and communication. I will be sharing a principal from each key area that I found important and then conclude with an overall thought. The first key area in Lincoln’s Leadership was his interaction with people. Historians have often scoffed at the idea that he was hardly in the White House and it was true but they did not understand why. Phillips discusses Lincoln’s open door policy andRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Nonverbal Communication1432 Words   |  6 Pages Communicating through social media and technology can sometimes be challenging, what are these challenges and how does this affect the nonverbal communication; and do you think this form of communication causes inabilities to interact positively and work effectively with others. While communicating through new technologies and social media can be challenging at times for some, one must also remember that â€Å"nonverbal behaviors can be important in establishing trust in working relationships, butRead MoreKnowledge Management Process The Organization1561 Words   |  7 Pagesis some kind of generic keystone species for information ecologies it would have to be in the form of the people behind the system of operation. It could also be classified as the human factor. A true keystone species in a tradition sense of the word is that these species has a greater impact on the overall functionality of the total ecosystem. Even though their presence within the operating system may be smaller than other members of the organization. However, when removed or diminished their

Nonsampling or Systematic Errors Free Essays

Nonsampling errors can occur both in a sample survey and in a census. Such errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. The errors that occur in the collection, recording, and tabulation of data are called nonsampling errors. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonsampling or Systematic Errors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonsampling errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. Nonsampling errors can be minimized if questions are prepared carefully and data are handled cautiously. Many types of systematic errors or biases can occur in a survey, including selection error, nonresponse error, response error, and voluntary response error. The following chart shows the types of errors. (i) Selection Error: When we need to select a sample, we use a list of elements from which we draw a sample, and this list usually does not include many members of the target population. Usually it is not feasible to include every member of the target population in this list. This list of members of the population that is used to select a sample is called the sampling frame. Thus, the sampling frame that is used to select a sample may not be representative of the population. This may cause the sample results to be different from the population results. The error that occurs because the sampling frame is not representative of the population is called the selection error. If a sample is nonrandom (and, hence, non representative), the sample results may be quite different from the census results. (ii) Nonresponse Error: Even if our sampling frame and, consequently, the sample are representative of the population, nonresponse error may occur because many of the people included in the sample did not respond to the survey. This type of error occurs especially when a survey is conducted by mail. A lot of people do not return the questionnaires. It has been observed that families with low and high incomes do not respond to surveys by mail. Consequently, such surveys over represent middle-income families. This kind of error may also occur in a telephone survey. Many people may not be home when the interviewer calls. This may distort the results. To avoid the nonresponse error, every effort should be made to contact all people included in the survey. (iii) Response Error: The response error occurs when the answer given by a person included in the survey is not correct. This may happen for many reasons. One reason is that the respondent may not have understood the question. Thus, the wording of the question may have caused the respondent to answer incorrectly. It has been observed that when the same question is worded differently, many people do not respond the same way. The answers given by respondents may differ depending on the race of the interviewer. (iv) Voluntary Response Error: Another source of systematic error is a survey based on a voluntary response sample. The polls conducted based on samples of readers of magazines and newspapers suffer from voluntary response error or bias. Usually only those readers who have very strong opinions about the issues involved respond to such surveys. Surveys in which the respondents are required to call some telephone numbers also suffer from this type of error. Here, to participate, many times a respondent have to pay for the call and many people do not want to bear this cost. Consequently, the sample is usually neither random nor representative of the target population because participation is voluntary. How to cite Nonsampling or Systematic Errors, Papers

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Essay Example For Students

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a writer in the 19th century. He was a medical doctor and an author. He wrote several stories about a private amateur detective called Sherlock Holmes. The stories were very popular in Victorian Britain and still are today. He was a very good detective and always saw that criminals were punished one way or another. But Sherlock Holmes does have his own bad points, he does smoke and he does take a number of drugs, this is important because he is catching criminals who are doing the same thing. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories were published in magazines, The Victorians took a liking to these stories, the poor people could buy them, and what happened in them (the just and fair endings) were exactly what the audience want to happen. The audience are surrounded in crime, they dont feel that justice is always served, but in these stories it is always. The stories are still very popular today, they have been made into TV dramas and are still broadcasted quite frequently. Even though a more modern audience still enjoy the stories, the same impact/effect does not take place on them, even though the justice carried out pleases them, the audience cannot relate to the time of place it is carried out. This is because it is set over a hundred years ago, a lot has changed in 1 century, fashion, building and roads, these small things make the story how it is. Because all theses things are so different now, the stories seem almost set in a different world. The two main reasons that the stories are still popular today is because justice is carried out and Sherlock Holmes is an appealing character with appealing features. For instance he has this bad side (drugs etc), in modern society a bit of a bad boy is considered to be quite cool, as he is a good guy also he is an all round appealing character. Dr Watson is a medical doctor, He is an intelligent man although Sherlock Holmes intelligence seems superior in any case that needs solving. Dr Watson does not pick up on clues as quickly as Holmes, even though he too is an intelligent man. Watson is also a caring character, he always makes sure victims are looked after and are ok. For instance he makes sure Helen Stoner is definitely ok at the end of The Speckled Band.