Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

Social Databases, Normalization, and SQL A database is an application that can store and recover information quickly. The social piece alludes to how the information is put away in the database and how it is composed. At the point when we talk about a database, we mean a social database, truth be told, a RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a social database, all information is put away in tables. These have a similar structure rehashed in each line (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a social table. Before social databases were developed (during the 1970s), different kinds of database, for example, various leveled databases were utilized. Anyway social databases have been exceptionally fruitful for organizations like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world additionally has RDBMS. Business Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL Server Ingres. The main business RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Carefully these are not social databases but rather RDBMS. They give security, encryption, client get to and can process SQL inquiries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a PC researcher who contrived the laws of standardization in 1970. This was a scientific method of depicting the properties of a social database utilizing tables. He thought of 12 laws that portray what a social database and a RDBMS does and a few laws of standardization that depict the properties of social information. Just information that had been standardized could be viewed as social. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of customer records that will be placed into a social database. A few customers have a similar data, state various parts of a similar organization with a similar charging address. In a spreadsheet, this location is on numerous columns. In transforming the spreadsheet into a table, all the customers text tends to must be moved into another table and each doled out an extraordinary ID-state the qualities 0,1,2. These qualities are put away in the fundamental customer table so all lines utilize the ID, not the content. A SQL proclamation can remove the content for a given ID. What Is a Table? Consider it resembling a rectangular spreadsheet comprised of lines and sections. Every section determines the sort of information put away (numbers, strings or paired information -, for example, pictures). Not at all like a spreadsheet where the client is allowed to have various information on each line, in a database table, each column can just contain the sorts of information that were determined. In C and C, this resembles a variety of structs, where one struct holds the information for one line. For more data see Normalizing a database in the Database Design some portion of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two different ways: By means of a Database Server.Via a Database File. Utilizing a database record is the more seasoned strategy, increasingly fit to work area applications. For example Microsoft Access, however that is being eliminated for Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an amazing open space database written in C that holds information in one document. There are coverings for C, C, C# and different dialects. A database server is a server application running locally or on an arranged PC. A large portion of the huge databases are server based. These take more organization however are typically quicker and progressively hearty. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? For the most part, these require the accompanying subtleties. IP or Domain name of the server. In the event that it is the on a similar PC as you, utilize 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name. Server Port For MySQL this is typically 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are numerous customer applications that can converse with a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to make databases, set security, run upkeep occupations, questions and obviously structure and change database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a straightforward language that gives directions to building and altering the structure of databases and for adjusting the information put away in the tables. The primary orders used to alter and recover information are: Select - Fetches information. Addition - Inserts at least one columns of information. Update - Modifies existing row(s) of information Delete - Deletes lines of information. There are a few ANSI/ISO norms, for example, ANSI 92, one of the most famous. This characterizes a base subset of bolstered explanations. Most compiler sellers bolster these gauges. End Any nontrivial application can utilize a database and a SQL-based database is a decent spot to begin. When you have aced the setup and controlling of the database then you need to learn SQL to make it function admirably. The speed at which a database can recover information is amazing and present day RDBMS are mind boggling and profoundly advanced applications. Open source databases like MySQL are quick moving toward the force and ease of use of the business opponents and drive numerous databases on sites. Step by step instructions to Connect to a Database in Windows utilizing ADO Automatically, there are different APIs that give access to database servers. Under Windows, these incorporate ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a supplier programming that interfaces a database to ADO, at that point the database can be gotten to. Windows from 2000 has this inherent. Attempt the accompanying. It should take a shot at Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever introduced MDAC. On the off chance that you havent and need to attempt this, visit Microsoft.com, do a quest for MDAC Download and download any form, 2.6 or higher. Make an unfilled record called test.udl. Right snap in Windows Explorer on the record and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This discourse lets you associate with any database with an introduced supplier, even exceed expectations spreadsheets! Select the primary tab (Provider) as opens as a matter of course at the Connection tab. Select a supplier at that point click Next. The information source name shows the various kinds of gadget accessible. In the wake of filling in username and secret word, click the Test Connection button. After you press the alright catch, you can open the test.udl with document with Wordpad. It ought to contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the significant one, it contains the arrangement subtleties. In the event that your database has a secret word, it will be appeared here, so this is certainly not a safe strategy! This string can be incorporated with applications that utilization ADO and will let them interface with the predefined database. Utilizing ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) gives an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers accessible for pretty much every database in presence. Be that as it may, ODBC gives another layer of correspondence between an application and the database and this can cause execution punishments.

Syllabus Psy310

Copyright  ©2012, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights held. Course Description The reason for this course is to acquaint the understudy with the different techniques for request, phrasings, and hypothetical frameworks that involve the historical backdrop of brain science. A more extensive view is utilized to present the cutting edge period of brain science and its utilization. These include: structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, analysis, and phenomenological/existential approaches.Policies Faculty and understudies/students will be considered answerable for comprehension and holding fast to all strategies contained inside the accompanying two archives: University arrangements: You should be signed into the understudy site to see this record. †¢ Instructor approaches: This archive is posted in the Course Materials discussion. College arrangements are liable to change. Make certain to peruse the approaches toward the start of each class. Approaches migh t be somewhat unique relying upon the methodology wherein you go to class. On the off chance that you have as of late changed modalities, read the approaches overseeing your present class methodology. Course Materials Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A past filled with current brain science (third ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.All electronic materials are accessible on the understudy site. |Week One: Psychology in Historical Perspective: Early Developments | |The Mind/Body Relationships of Psychology | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Examine the roots in early way of thinking that lead to current brain research. | |Identify significant thinkers in the western convention that were essential supporters of the | |formation of brain research as an order. | |Explore the advancement of the study of brain science during the nineteenth century. | |Examine the verifiable components of the investigation of the physical body and mind in classical times. | |Describe significant advancements in medicatio n and organic investigations that added to the early | |field of brain research. | |Identify major authentic strides toward the mapping of mind structures that are related | |with social procedures. | |Reading |Read Ch. of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by Wed. |0 | |Reading |Read Ch. 2 of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by |0 | |Fri. | |Reading |Read Ch. 3 of A History of Modern Psychology. |Finish by |0 | |Sun. | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. Wrap up by |0 | |Mon. | |Participation |Participate in class conversation. |Submit 2 posts |2 | |on 4 of 7 days | |Remember to partake in the class conversations 4 out of 7 days during the week (for | |clarification see Course and Instructor Policies).Please survey the What I Expect materials | |in the Course Materials Forum. You may likewise need to survey the How You Will Be Evaluated | |materials to perceive how your support posts will be reviewed. Singular presents on the Main | |Forum wil l tally towards your group support score. | |Discussion Questions |Respond to week after week conversation questions. Marry. , Fri. , and |2 | |Sun. | |DQs will be posted in the Main Forum. If you don't mind audit the What I Expect materials in the Course| | |Materials Forum. You may likewise need to audit the How You Will Be Evaluated materials to see | |how your conversation addresses will be reviewed. | |Individual |Check into the class. Get ready for the course by perusing the entirety of the posts in the Course |Tues. , 10/30/12|0 | |Check Into Class |Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and the Chat Forum. Download the schedule, educator | |policies and course task schedule. Post an answer to the Check-in string in the Main | |Forum, under the string Getting Organized.Please show that you have perused the following:| | |You have perused the schedule and teacher arrangements records and comprehend what is required | |in this course. | |You have perused all the materials I posted in the Course Materials Forum, the Main Forum, and | |the Chat Forum. | |You comprehend and consent to the cooperation necessities. | |Individual |Post your own profile to the Chat Forum. If it's not too much trouble guarantee you state what your desires are |Wed. , 10/31/12 |0 | |Post Bio in Chat Forum |for this class.

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Students examine gender issues and migration in overseas collaboration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students work with Professor Yasmine Ergas and counterparts in Milan to consider how migration law affects polygamous families Nearly a dozen SIPA students have been working this semester with Professor Yasmine Ergas, director of the specialization on Gender and Public Policy, to look into the gendered nature of migration experience and migration law. The students have been analyzing legal cases to understand what happens when polygamous families attempt to seek asylum in the United States or United Kingdom. Cases in which polygamous families attempt to resettle in the European Union or United States are relatively rare today, butâ€"in light of the massive shift in migration movements due to current conflict in the Middle Eastâ€"Ergas sees this issue coming to the forefront in the near future. Ergas is quick to point out that polygamous marriages are not a new concern in the United States, noting the significant case law around this issue. Says Nilay Tuncok MIA ’17, a student participating in the project, “Polygamy has been part of the U.S. legal system for centuries, through multiple Supreme Court decisions and exclusionary immigration laws of the 19th century.” Tuncok and other SIPA and Columbia students participating in the project are also collaborating with a cohort of students at the University of Milan who are conducting research in tandem. The collaboration allows students to share their research and understand the similarities of and differences between the United States and EU and to recognize the different frameworks and contexts that the different cohorts of students are coming from. Rose Elizabeth Cutts, a student in Columbia’s M.A. program in Human Rights student who is also participating in the project, said “The Milan group has been really interesting to talk with partly due to the differing experiences of polygamy in the U.S. and Italy.” The research is also appropriate because of the recent shift in cultural understandings of what makes a family unit. “This is a time where we are rethinking what we mean by family and marriage,” Ergas said. Tuncok said the project has helped her to understand how this changing understanding of family is reflected in the law: “I’ve learned to better analyze legal documents, such as looking at how the change in definition of ‘family’ in both U.S. and international law has affected the immigration status of women in polygamous marriages over the years.” The issue furthermore calls into question concerns about the disproportionate impact these immigration policies have on women. As Ergas pointed out, “Women are the ones that will experience the exclusion.” For example, if spouses are forced to choose one partner to be their legal wife in a new country that does not recognize polygamy, what happens to the other wives and their children? What happens to their rights to inheritance, social security, health care, child protection, and other resources?   While the premise of family reunification for asylum seeker and refugees is often to prioritize keeping families together, how does that priority shift when it comes to polygamous relations? “Laws have a gendered impact on women in polygamous marriages,” said Tuncok. “For instance, the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the U.S. required a person to have good moral character to self-petition for permanent resident status, but the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 considered those practicing polygamy as persons of immoral character, leaving these women at a disadvantage and unable to claim rights.” Tiff van Huysen, a participating student from Columbia’s M.A. program in Climate and Society, said “The migration process is much more complex than I imagined and that case law and statutory laws do not necessarily provide a clear means by which to reduce that complexity. For example, in the United States, our laws and court systems are really not designed to address issues that may arise in polygamous marriages and that legalizing polygamy would present significant challenges to our current legal system.” Ergas also noted that the abolition of the practice of polygamy itself is an important cornerstone in gender equality in the West; to simply legalize polygamy would not appear to be in line with Western normative standards around gender equality. She stressed that this issue has to be considered in the context of changing norms regarding family and private life more generally. “How do we address this in a way that is fair?,” she asked. “We have to understand the problem, understand how countries are trying to cope, and what is happening to the people involved.” â€" Kristen Grennan MPA ’16 [Pictured: Yasmine Ergas (standing) and students teleconference with collaborators in Milan.]

Analysis Of The Slave Mother - 1176 Words

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. â€Å"The Slave Mother.† Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/51977/the-slave-mother-56d23017ceaad. Accessed 4 Sept. 2017. Frances Harper is a respected American figure who wrote works regarding abolition and educational equality. As the child of two free black parents, she had a passionate view on racial equality. After seeing her help slaves escape through the Underground Railroad and publish a myriad of anti-slavery newspapers, people began to deem her as the mother of African American journalism. Her poem The Slave Mother depicts the relationship between an enslaved mother and her child. The mother’s servitude restricts the encounters that she is able to have with her son. This†¦show more content†¦2017. Born in Salem, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Hawthorne was a part of a deep Puritan family. His ancestors, William and John Hawthorne, were harsh judges in the Puritan society of the 17th century, so Nathaniel Hawthorne decided to add a â€Å"w† to his family name to distance himself from their notoriety. In order to create a legacy for himself, Hawthorne began to write fiction. His fame arose from his mastery of the art of allegories and symbolism within his works. Besides The Scarlet Letter, another famous work by Hawthorne is â€Å"The Birthmark.† â€Å"The Birthmark† is a short story that implores people to be grateful for the achievements they have obtained. In the short story, Hawthorne depicts Aylmer, the main character, as a man completely intrigued by science. However, he finds time to marry a beautiful woman named Georgiana. One peculiar characteristic of Georgiana is a birthmark in the shape of a hand that is imprinted upon her face. Aylmer tries to remove it from her to perfect her beauty, but in the process, he ends up killing her. The death of Georgiana represents Hawthorne’s take on the American dream. The American dream is the idea that every American has the opportunity to achieve success through hard work. â€Å"The Birthmark† has an unique way of discussing the American Dream by focusing on the death that the ambition of a character inflicts instead of focusing on the happiness that a character obtains through perseverance. This peculiarity allows Hawthorne toShow MoreRelatedResponses to Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two Story White House, North884 Words   |  4 Pageswhich is the name given to a free black slave, even though this name was given to a slave that was free did not mean you were free. This story exposes how the racial dynamics of slavery are replicated in the interracial encounters outside slavery. Our Nig was a story of a slave that fit under this category of not being f ree when freedom existed. In this passage I will give my critical analysis of my interpretation of Our Nig Frado who was abandoned by her mother and left at the hands of the BelmontRead MoreAfrican American Women : An Examination Of Female Slavery1204 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Fogel, Stanley Engerman, Eugene Genovese, and Herbert Gutman have had a profound influence on research that uncovers the experiences of slaves in the antebellum South. Yet, these historians have only done so through the centered analysis of enslaved black men – this review will focus on two stereotypes and solidarity of women. Ar’n’t I A Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South by Deborah Gray White provides an examination of female slavery, in which, she analyzes the situation of the mostRead MoreThe Slave Auction832 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Slave Auction Analysis Imagine being ripped from your mother’s chest at a young age knowing you’ll never see her again. Listen to the screams of the little children around you as you hold on to your lover’s hand for dear life praying to every god imaginable that you two won’t be ripped apart.-- â€Å"I got a nice wench starting at 800†.-- Your grasp gets tighter as they examine you from head to toe. The bids are getting higher and higher, tears stroll down your face. You look at the stone coldRead MoreArnt I a Woman? Essay examples1659 Words   |  7 PagesDeborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historica l sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American historyRead More Deborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? Essay examples1629 Words   |  7 PagesDeborah Gray White’s Ar’n’t I a Woman? details the grueling experiences of the African American female slaves on Southern plantations. White resented the fact that African American women were nearly invisible throughout historical text, because many historians failed to see them as important contributors to America’s social, economic, or political development (3). Despite limited historical sources, she was determined to establish the African American woman as an intricate part of American historyRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass911 Words   |  4 Pagesbackcountry of Maryland’s Eastern Shore† in 1818 (Gates et al. 327). By having a slave mother, Douglass was automatically considere d a slave (Gates et al. 327). Therefore, he faced many masters and mistresses; however, he eventually gained his freedom by escaping. Although Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, an American Slave is not the first of its genre, it is the best-selling eighteenth-century fugitive slave narrative, surpassing classic white autobiographies as Henry David Thoreau’sRead MoreAlienation within Beloved Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagesthe same outcome in every instance. Put quite simply, the institution of slavery forms concrete and seemingly immovable walls between slave and master. Within this practice, members of these societies became locked into their respective roles. Erikson defines identity as â€Å"the conception of who one is and what one is over time and across situations†, (Day 3). Yet slaves in this day did not live through any variety of â€Å"situations†. Second only to the harsh conditions and emotional trauma of slavery wasRead MoreThe Tempest vs. European Colonialism961 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Tempest by William Shakespeare because there are many correspondences between the European-African relationship and the American-African relationship. Similar to the American-African relationship where the Europeans are the colonizers and the slaves are the colonized, the European-African relationship has Prospero as the colonizer and Caliban as the colonized. Caliban holds up the colonialist interpretation of the Tempest partly through the meaning behind his name itself. Small hints like theRead MoreA Rose For A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1270 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, Incidents in the Life of A Slave Girl starts off by introducing the us to a slave girl who is known as Linda who represents Harriet Jacobs. The books narrates the life Harriet who was born into slavery in 1813 near Edenton, North Carolina. The time period where racial slurs had been widely and slavery was very popular. She had not know she was a slave girl until the solid age of six years after her childhood had been demolished. The main idea for publishing this book was to show the hardshipRead More Comparing Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time1278 Words   |  6 PagesSoul Writing in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Our Time      Ã‚  Ã‚  Real writing, soul writing is dangerous; there is an intrinsic, gut-churning element of risk within the process of telling the truth, a risk that yields an adrenaline rush that parallels skydiving and skinny-dipping. The thrill of ones own truth displayed nakedly in little black letters on a white page is scary and beautiful, both chaining and freeing. The issue for authors, like skydivers, is that after they jump out

Why Communication Is Key, Do Words Open Doors - 961 Words

If communication is key, do words open doors? This essay will examine the importance of communication and how this can be used in circumstances to encourage positive or even a negative response dependant on the deliverance. Communication consists of transferring information from one source to another. There are many advantages to obtaining good communication skills as they can assist in achieving productivity and form strong relationships both social and professional; without effective communication, a message can turn into error or misunderstanding by being misinterpreted or poorly delivered. (Skills You Need. 2016. Communication Skills. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.skillsyouneed.com/general/communication-skills.html. [Accessed 1 August 2016].) Various forms of communication consist of: Verbal, Non-Verbal such as body language and gestures, Written Communication through the use of letters, books or magazines, and Visualisation. Each form of communication consists of advantages and disadvantages. One of the main advantages of verbal communication is; it is shared much faster than other means of communication. This form also helps to save time considerably by delivering messages to the recipient almost instantly. In addition to this, it is easy to understand and facilitates fast interpretation when a message is delivered orally this then allows the recipient to obtain sufficient knowledge at an instant, this leaves room for any issues which may occur to beShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Of Non Verbal Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagesnon-verbal communication benefit a door to door sales person? Non-verbal communication is defined as communication without words. It is considered important in terms of effectiveness within the retail industry as non-verbal behaviour speaks volumes about what you are really trying to say. Evidence has shown although people may â€Å"strongly attend† to what you’re saying non-verbal communication â€Å"constitutes to two thirds of total communication† (Beall 2004,2). Hence why non-verbal communication is ableRead MoreCommunication Is The Language Of Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"The art of communication is the language of leadership.† Communication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are notRead MoreWhat Is Communication Research Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is Communication Research Introduction In this paper we will be discussing communication research, its purpose, goals, and its desired outcomes. Positivism is also a topic that will be touched on. After reading this paper you will be able to fully understand what communication research is and why people decide to go into the field. Body What is communication research? We can first take a look at the definition of the words communication and research as an individual. Please note thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication And Its Strategic Benefits962 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Communication Christina L Young, Student Grantham University Option 3: Traditional Paper Abstract In this paper, I approach what is the importance of communication. Miscommunication can be upsetting for lots of people, but with effective communication, we can start to minimize any frustrations. In this paper, I explain what communication is and the different types of communication that there are. Noted in my paper are the different communication styles and why communicationRead MoreCommunication Is Essential For Business As Well As Interpersonal Relationships1312 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are not sure what others mean, intend or desire, they are inclined toR ead More Technology’s Impact Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesknocks the door. â€Å"Hey I forgot my key, will you open the door for me,† Kate shouted. After five minutes, Kate went next door and knocked on her suitemate’s door. Her suitemate opened the door for her. She went through the bathroom, and reached to her own room. As she opened the door she was shocked; actually there was more of an angry expression on her face. â€Å"Ashley! Why didn’t you open the door for me? I told you I would be back in five minutes and I wasn’t bringing my key with me. Why did youRead MoreCommunicating Effectively Skills802 Words   |  4 PagesMastering Communication Axia College of University of Phoenix If all my possessions were taken from me with one exception, I would choose to keep the power for speech, for by it I would soon regain all the rest. – Daniel Webster We spend most our lives interacting with others. We all have different reasons to talk to different people. We say things in a certain way depending on who we are speaking too. There is a lot more to communication than just putting words together and sayingRead MoreEssay about Lincoln on Leadership1125 Words   |  5 Pagesdown four key areas that produced an effective leader in Lincoln. These areas are character, people, endeavor, and communication. I will be sharing a principal from each key area that I found important and then conclude with an overall thought. The first key area in Lincoln’s Leadership was his interaction with people. Historians have often scoffed at the idea that he was hardly in the White House and it was true but they did not understand why. Phillips discusses Lincoln’s open door policy andRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Nonverbal Communication1432 Words   |  6 Pages Communicating through social media and technology can sometimes be challenging, what are these challenges and how does this affect the nonverbal communication; and do you think this form of communication causes inabilities to interact positively and work effectively with others. While communicating through new technologies and social media can be challenging at times for some, one must also remember that â€Å"nonverbal behaviors can be important in establishing trust in working relationships, butRead MoreKnowledge Management Process The Organization1561 Words   |  7 Pagesis some kind of generic keystone species for information ecologies it would have to be in the form of the people behind the system of operation. It could also be classified as the human factor. A true keystone species in a tradition sense of the word is that these species has a greater impact on the overall functionality of the total ecosystem. Even though their presence within the operating system may be smaller than other members of the organization. However, when removed or diminished their

Nonsampling or Systematic Errors Free Essays

Nonsampling errors can occur both in a sample survey and in a census. Such errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. The errors that occur in the collection, recording, and tabulation of data are called nonsampling errors. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonsampling or Systematic Errors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonsampling errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. Nonsampling errors can be minimized if questions are prepared carefully and data are handled cautiously. Many types of systematic errors or biases can occur in a survey, including selection error, nonresponse error, response error, and voluntary response error. The following chart shows the types of errors. (i) Selection Error: When we need to select a sample, we use a list of elements from which we draw a sample, and this list usually does not include many members of the target population. Usually it is not feasible to include every member of the target population in this list. This list of members of the population that is used to select a sample is called the sampling frame. Thus, the sampling frame that is used to select a sample may not be representative of the population. This may cause the sample results to be different from the population results. The error that occurs because the sampling frame is not representative of the population is called the selection error. If a sample is nonrandom (and, hence, non representative), the sample results may be quite different from the census results. (ii) Nonresponse Error: Even if our sampling frame and, consequently, the sample are representative of the population, nonresponse error may occur because many of the people included in the sample did not respond to the survey. This type of error occurs especially when a survey is conducted by mail. A lot of people do not return the questionnaires. It has been observed that families with low and high incomes do not respond to surveys by mail. Consequently, such surveys over represent middle-income families. This kind of error may also occur in a telephone survey. Many people may not be home when the interviewer calls. This may distort the results. To avoid the nonresponse error, every effort should be made to contact all people included in the survey. (iii) Response Error: The response error occurs when the answer given by a person included in the survey is not correct. This may happen for many reasons. One reason is that the respondent may not have understood the question. Thus, the wording of the question may have caused the respondent to answer incorrectly. It has been observed that when the same question is worded differently, many people do not respond the same way. The answers given by respondents may differ depending on the race of the interviewer. (iv) Voluntary Response Error: Another source of systematic error is a survey based on a voluntary response sample. The polls conducted based on samples of readers of magazines and newspapers suffer from voluntary response error or bias. Usually only those readers who have very strong opinions about the issues involved respond to such surveys. Surveys in which the respondents are required to call some telephone numbers also suffer from this type of error. Here, to participate, many times a respondent have to pay for the call and many people do not want to bear this cost. Consequently, the sample is usually neither random nor representative of the target population because participation is voluntary. How to cite Nonsampling or Systematic Errors, Papers

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Essay Example For Students

Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a writer in the 19th century. He was a medical doctor and an author. He wrote several stories about a private amateur detective called Sherlock Holmes. The stories were very popular in Victorian Britain and still are today. He was a very good detective and always saw that criminals were punished one way or another. But Sherlock Holmes does have his own bad points, he does smoke and he does take a number of drugs, this is important because he is catching criminals who are doing the same thing. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories were published in magazines, The Victorians took a liking to these stories, the poor people could buy them, and what happened in them (the just and fair endings) were exactly what the audience want to happen. The audience are surrounded in crime, they dont feel that justice is always served, but in these stories it is always. The stories are still very popular today, they have been made into TV dramas and are still broadcasted quite frequently. Even though a more modern audience still enjoy the stories, the same impact/effect does not take place on them, even though the justice carried out pleases them, the audience cannot relate to the time of place it is carried out. This is because it is set over a hundred years ago, a lot has changed in 1 century, fashion, building and roads, these small things make the story how it is. Because all theses things are so different now, the stories seem almost set in a different world. The two main reasons that the stories are still popular today is because justice is carried out and Sherlock Holmes is an appealing character with appealing features. For instance he has this bad side (drugs etc), in modern society a bit of a bad boy is considered to be quite cool, as he is a good guy also he is an all round appealing character. Dr Watson is a medical doctor, He is an intelligent man although Sherlock Holmes intelligence seems superior in any case that needs solving. Dr Watson does not pick up on clues as quickly as Holmes, even though he too is an intelligent man. Watson is also a caring character, he always makes sure victims are looked after and are ok. For instance he makes sure Helen Stoner is definitely ok at the end of The Speckled Band.

Depression Essays (564 words) - Depression, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Depression Depression is defined as a low sad state in which life seems bleak and it's changes overwhelming. When people lapse into a state of depression, they experience different symptoms and not all depressed people have the same symptoms. Symptoms of depression fall into the following five categories: emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical. Emotional symptoms can include feelings of intense sadness and feeling dejected. Some people feel miserable, empty, and/or humiliated. The depressed person may cry often, experience anxiety, anger or agitation. Some depressed people actually feel so bad about their situation; they lose feelings for themselves and affection for their loved ones. Motivational symptoms include any feeling that makes it harder for the depressed person to function in a normal role. They may have no desire to do any activity, even ones they previously enjoyed. They have no initiative to do anything. They may have to force themselves to go to work, go grocery shopping, see friends or do anything they once did. Depressed people may have behavioral signs also. These are a lack of activity, with the activity done being less and less productive. A depressed person may move very slowly, with reluctance and no motivation. They may walk aimlessly with no real destination known. They may hang their heads and tend to make no eye contact. There are cognitive symptoms associated with depression also. The depressed person feels negatively about himself or herself. They feel worthless, inferior and wholly inadequate. They feel that the bad things happening in their lives are their own fault and they also feel that the situation will never get better. They feel that nothing will ever improve and they feel helpless over their lives. In addition, they feel they cannot control their futures, so they give up trying. A depressed person may also be easily distracted, confused and unable to remember things. They also feel they cannot communicate with anyone, so they keep their feelings to themselves. Physical symptoms can accompany depression. The person may feel dizzy or nauseous. They may have diarrhea or constipation. They may complain of indigestion, headache or generalized pain. Sleep disturbances are common in depressed people. They often feel tired all of the time and the fatigue is not alleviated with rest. They may sleep all of the time or may not sleep at all. Depressed people may also have problems with appetite. They may not be hungry very often or may stuff themselves to make themselves feel better. In summary, depression is a severe disorder with many different symptoms. In many cases, the depressed person cannot help themselves out of the ?rut? they are in. They feel dejected, insecure, hopeless, miserable and empty. Persons suffering from depression are usually constantly tired and lack initiative to perform any task, even usual daily tasks. They can sleep all the time or not sleep at all. Some depressed people feel so helpless and dejected that they start thinking about or even commit acts of suicide. A person with depression can feel so hopeless that they start thinking about suicide. Some people feel so indifferent to life that they do not care if they live or die. Some wish to die so they can escape their life. Depression is a scary disorder and people with depression need to get help immediately so they can feel better and get on with an ordinary life. Psychology

The Cold War and the Berlin Wall essays

The Cold War and the Berlin Wall essays 1. The Cold War was caused by the differences in idealism between the Western and Eastern superpowers. Yet, that idealism was not necessarily the reigning idealism of the people within the nations of the United States and the Soviet Union. Many citizens within the Soviet Union and its satellite nations proved to abhor the tyrannical Communist regime of Stalin and his predecessors. However, there were forced to adopt the nationalization seen in Communism. The United States used this tyrannical image to portray a savior image of its own representation. Based on the occurrences which led to the rise of these two very different idealisms, it is apparent that the Cold War could not have been averted, but in fact we should consider ourselves lucky for not escalating further. 2. East and West Berlin, to me, represented a single country divided by political circumstances which plagued millions of lives for generations. It is seen through the efforts of East Germans to escape over the Berlin Wall that many East Germans hated the tyrannical puppet government which proved a slave to the Soviet Union. As West Germany combined and began to flourish with the Western world, East Germans were forced to envy their western counterparts from across the ugly concrete wall. The stadium built for the 1936 Olympic Games was just a reminder of a distant past haunted by unification under the wrong mores. 3. Once the two zones were once again united after the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, the city and country was re-united. When the two zones were officially united in 1990, much of Eastern Germany had refocused in consumer goods and a free-market economy. Germans were allowed to freely travel between the formerly guarded Berlin border. The Western culture was allowed to influence the formerly Communist East Germany. Yet, still some regional differences continued to persist within a small portion of the population. Old Communist buildings littered ...

Caf Survey Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Caf Survey - Statistics Project Example Among the respondents were sixty nine staff members and one hundred and fifty six students. Among the students, 15 are freshman, 25 are sophomore, 43 are Junior, 64 are Senior and 6 are Graduate Students. From the analysis above, we noted that the largest population of the college of technology is dominated by senior students. From the data obtained we can know the group of students and staff that uses the cafà © and this will help in deciding on amount of food staff to prepare and time. From the survey we found that seventy one of the two hundred and twenty five respondents currently use the Executive Express Cafà © in the College of Business. Among those who currently use the cafà © in the college of business, twenty two are staff members and forty nine are students. On how often do respondents who visit the cafà © in the school of business, 57 respondents do use the cafà © 1-2 times a week, 11 uses the cafà © 3-4 times a week and only three use it a week. This is represented below. On analysis of the purchases made by the respondents, 35 do purchase pizza, 10 purchase Chips, 14purchease Muffins/Bagels, 17 purchase Salad Sandwiches, 18 purchase Cookies/Treat Bars, 12 purchase Yogurt/Pudding, 16 purchase Fruit Cups, 42 purchase Coffee/Specialty Drink and 29 purchase Bottled Drinks/Soda. From this data the most purchased is Coffee/Specialty Drink. The table below shows a breakdown of these results. In conclusion we noted that about 32 percent of the college of technology faculty and staff do currently use the cafà © in the college of business. These results give us an approximate of 480 people from college of technology who currently use the cafà © in college of business. Concerning the data collected to determine how often people of college of technology do use the cafà © in the college of business, I do conclude that most people visit the cafà © twice a week. In detail it is 80 percent of those people who use the cafà © in college of business using it 1-2 times a

Women and Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women and Film - Essay Example There are several deliberations of how female characters are being depicted in the films. Currently, they have begun assuming more dominant roles in films. Some male film directors use female characters only to provide something against which to express masculinity to male relationships. They are self reflexive for men who design them, as they mostly act as mere guardian spirit for a male protagonist. Often times, they exist as characters to push the storyline along and create some balance instead of getting up on feet on their own. For instance, in Japanese video games Persona 3 where they overtly rent women to draw up the female characters. But this may not be the case for all male filmmakers. For instance, when watching Les Rendezvous D’Anna, you could not imagine a male director design such a female protagonist (Grundmann, 2010). The general observation on female film producers observes women characters for their own interest instead of being a channel to an ideological en d. Female characters designed by women may have scanty clothes that tend to be more real and relaxed looking. They also have petite eyes, sexy features with a maturity on facial expressions. There are fewer women that design action-based films or movies. They mostly make dramatic, comedic, films related to family stories and others that lean more towards an emotional arc. This may be as a result of having little attention on the action-oriented films or the postulation that the target audience wouldn’t put so much interest in them (Walsh, 1986). There is also the issue of the deepness and vigor of female character. One may ascertain the director, but there is also the genre, writer and actress to consider in such cases. Many films made by women have a more exhaustive evaluation of character that is notwithstanding the gender of the directors. In the same way, there are actresses and writers who can yield more dense characters than customary. For instance, Barbara Stanwyck har dly inhabits a character that is not considerably well grasped irrespective of the script or director. The issue involving Godard stretches beyond him as you will find some directors such as Joseph Mankewiecz making films where the actresses appears far more authentic and vivacious than the males. In spite of the themes of the film, they have an unattractive meaning linked to the women’s actions (Callahan, 2012). Other male directors seem to introduce depth in the roles of women. However, that raises eyebrows as to whether those roles are being viewed as another category of male illusion or imaginations. One that originates from a diverse and good direction yet still somehow off the mark likened to the exact experiences of women. The feminist movement relentlessly battled for women’s rights and equality so as to position women on equal grounds to men in the society. This uprising has since been taken forward in the film industry as women also play prominent and conspic uous roles in films. This which was a sharp disparity in the past where women only played domestic roles in the society (Callahan, 2012). At the same time, there are some films that portray women as morally superior and perfect. Dreyer’s Gertrud is an example of such films that convey strength, liberation and empowerment of women. We also have sturdy, irrepressible, self-determining and plausible women in so many films directed by men. This is without indulging in either male fantasies of femaleness or direct sexual appeal (Power, 2009). The role of women in films has since surpassed the traditional feminine characteristics. Women are no longer being portrayed as one-facet who acts stereotypical female traits. In addition, today men are unlikely to measure up to the conventional form of masculinity though they may still

The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay

The Anatomy Of A Pigs Heart Physical Education Essay The aim of this experiment was to understand the external and internal structures by dissecting a pigs heart, drawing and labelling the structures. Introduction A pigs heart is covered by the thin membrane or pericardium. Myocardium exists as the muscle located below the pericardium. Most of the myocardium in the lower two chambers of the heart called ventricles (Lane, 2010a). A pigs heart has four chambers which include left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle (Lane, 2010a). Atrium and ventricle are separated by valves. In the entrance of the left ventricle has bicuspid valve which controls the blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle during diastole (Lane, 2010a). While in the entrance of the right ventricle has tricuspid valve which allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The function of valves is to make the blood only moving from atrium to ventricle and avoid regurgitation. (Lane, 2010a). There are some blood vessels have a significant influence on transferring the blood (Lane, 2010a). Coronary artery which lies in the groove on the front of heart carries flesh blood to the heart muscle to receive oxygen and nutrients (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary artery which lies out of the right ventricle supplies blood with oxygen to the lungs (Lane, 2010a). Aorta which is the major vessel located near the right atria provides blood to the upper body (Lane, 2010a). Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (Lane, 2010a). Inferior and Superior Vena Cava which are located on left of the heart and link to the right atrium, supplies deoxygenated blood to the right receiving chamber (Lane, 2010a). Blood flows through the pig heart are similar with a humans. Deoxygenated blood moving from the superior and inferior vena cava (see Figure 1) into the right atrium which has a very low pressure (Gisbornesc, 2010). During diastole which indicates the relaxation phase, the right ventricles pressure drops down almost zero. There is a pressure gradient between the right atrium and ventricle, leading to the blood flow into the right ventricle (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle fills, the blood goes through the tricuspid valve. During systole (the contracting phase) the ventricle begins to contract, the intraventricular pressure is increased which causes the tricuspid valve to close while the pulmonary valve open (Gisbornesc, 2010). And then blood moves out of the ventricle via the pulmonary artery to the lungs (Gisbornesc, 2010). When the ventricle relaxes, intraventricular pressure drops below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, as a result, the pulmonary valve close. In this case , blood returns to the right side of the heart and is pumped back to the lungs for gas exchange (Gisbornesc, 2010). Figure 1(Biologymad, 2010) shows the blood flow within the heart. Figure 1 (Biologymad, 2010): The Blood Flow within Heart The function of a heart is to promote blood flowing to organs and tissues, providing enough blood, oxygen and various nutrients while taking away the metabolic products such as carbon dioxide, urea and uric acid. This process maintains the normal function and metabolism of the cells within the body. Method Observations Material Fresh pig heart Scalpels Container for heart Scissors Forceps Cutting board Equipment Several blank A4 sheets Pens HB pencils Erasers Rulers Sharpeners Procedure-External Anatomy A heart was placed in a dissecting pan. The size of this heart was moderate; the colour of this heart was pink and it was a little smelly. The heart was examined and the thin membrane or pericardium that still covers the heart was located. The pericardium was removed carefully. The pericardium was too thin to remove. The tip of the heart or the apex was located. The left ventricle extended all the way to the apex. The heart was placed in the dissecting pan. The major blood vessels were on the top and the apex was down. There was a groove that extended from the right side of the board end of the heart. The heart was in the pan in the position and faced my body. The left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle were located from this surface. Four chambers were observed unclearly, but still could be identified. While the heart was still in this position in the dissecting pan, the coronary artery, pulmonary artery, aorta, pulmonary veins and inferior superior vena cava were located at the broad end of the heart. Aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins inferior superior vena cava were observed clearly, but coronary artery was not found. A fully labelled diagram of the front heart was drawn. Figure 2 is attached. 8. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. Procedure- Internal Anatomy The side of the pulmonary artery was cut through and continue cutting down into the wall of the right ventricle using the scissors. Cut deep enough to go through the wall of the heart chamber. (The cutting line was above parallel to the groove of the coronary artery) The heart was pushed open at the cut to examine the internal structure with fingers. There was a dried blood inside the chambers, the heart was rinsed out. The right atrium was located. The thinner muscular wall of this receiving chamber was measured by ruler. The right atrium was about 5-10 mm and very smooth. A fully labelled diagram showing the internal of right atrium was draw. Figure 4 is attached. The inferior superior vena cava enter this chamber were founded. The lack of valves was noticed. The inferior superior vena cava was easy to found. The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle was located, which is called tricuspid valve. This valve consisted of three leaflets and had long fibbers of connective tissue. The thickness of the right ventricle and its smooth was felt by fingers. The network of irregular muscular cords was noticed on the inner wall of this chamber. The right ventricle was about 20mm and very smooth. The septum was found on the right side of the right ventricle. The septum was thick which separated the right and left ventricles from each other. The pulmonary artery was located inside the right ventricle. The one-way valve called the pulmonary valve was found. A fully labelled diagram showing the back side of heart was drew. Figure 3 is attached. The heart was continued to cut open using scissors. A cut was started on the outside of the left atrium downward into the left ventricle cutting toward the apex to the septum at the centre groove. The heart was pushed open at this cut with fingers any dried blood was rinsed out with water. The heart was difficult to cut downward into the left ventricle because the knife was not sharp. The left atrium was examined. The openings of the pulmonary veins were found from the lungs. The pulmonary veins were hard to observe. Bicuspid valve was looked for inside left atrium. This valve consisted of two leaflets. The left ventricle was examined. The thickness of the ventricular wall was noticed. The left ventricle was found and the thickness of the ventricular was about 20mm. The left ventricle was cut across the left ventricle toward the aorta continues cutting to expose the valve using scissors. The three flaps or leaflets were counted on this valve called aortic valve. This valve had half-moon shape. Notes to all the diagrams were added relating the labelled structures to their functions. Results Figure 2 shows the front view of heart. In this figure, the aorta is clearly visible at the top, with left and right atrium on either side, while the ventricles are in the bottom. This figure also shows the aortic and pulmonary arteries as well as the pulmonary veins and superior vena cava. 2. Figure 3 shows the back side of heart. In this figure, the superior vena cava and aorta can be seen. 3. Figure 4 shows the internal view of the right side. In this figure, the tricuspid valve can be seen and the right ventricular outflow tract which includes the pulmonary artery. 4. Figure 5 shows the internal view of the left side In this figure, the bicuspid valve and aorta can be seen. Discussion Possible errors may have arisen during this experiment. Firstly, the heart was cut difficultly, because the equipment given was not sharp enough. Secondly, some blood vessels can not be found such as coronary artery, because the pigs heart was not fresh enough, may be damaged by the butcher. Thirdly, human errors may lead to the results not precise. For instance, when cut deeply to go through the wall of the heart chamber, the cutting line was not parallel to the groove of the coronary, as a result, the chamber can not observed carefully. A future experiment should be improved in following ways. Firstly, the equipments should be given sharp enough in order to cut the heart efficiently according to the instruction. Secondly, the pig heart should be provided fresh enough and completely. In this case, all the organs can be observed and described. Finally, when cutting line is required parallel, it is better to use the ruler to measure. Conclusion In conclusion, after doing the experiment, the external and internal structure was examined. A pigs heart is four chambered pump which includes left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. Valves, which separate atrium and ventricle, prevent blood from flowing backwards. A pig has double system which can make blood circulate the whole body via the vessels.

Glory vs Shawshank Redemption :: essays papers

Glory vs Shawshank Redemption Two of the well known movies that were the abolishinst movement in Amerrica were Glory and The Shawshank Redemption.On the surface, the movies the shawshank redemption and glory seem to be completely different.But, as the movies upfold, it is evident that both the prisoners of Shawshank and the soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts are in search of the same thing. For the prisoners of Shashank, normalcy is freedom. For the soldiers of the 54th, normalcy is equality. In the Shawshank Andy uses his influences to give prisoners of shawshank tastes of freedom. The solodiers of the 54th strives to be normal, but before they can be normal, they must be equal. They wanted freedom too. One point of intrest that shows Andy's spirit is indeed unbreakable was when he offered Captain Hadley some financial advice on his recent inheritance. He tells captain Hadley that if he trusts his wife he can tell the I.R.S that he is giving the inhertance as a gift from Andy to his wife. By doing this the money can not touched by the I.R.S, so Captain Hadley gains all the money without any tax taken out.In return andy Dufresne( tim robbins) asked for beer for his " Co-workers.His friend ., Red simply states," we sat and drank with the sun on our shoulders and felt like free men.Hell, we could have been tarring the roof of one of our own houses. We were the lords of all creation. As for andy he spent that break hunkered in the shade, a strange little smile on his face, watching us drink his beer." This quote shows how little things teh prisoners get can make them happy.Another example would be when he used the hammer to escape from prison. It started when he asked Red to get him a rok hammer, which he said he would use to shape rocks. He calms Red's conscious as he tells it would take him a thousand years to break out of prison with a rosk hammer.When he received the rosk hammer he started to shape rocks as soon as he could and hidden that hole with a poster.After he had the hole big enough to crawl throught, he asked Heywood for a six-foot piece of rope.

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane

Diffusion and Osmosis of Solutes and Water Across a Membrane Brittany Bacallao Nova Southeastern University Abstract: This experiment gave a visual understanding of osmosis and diffusion. The first experiment proved that solutes would move down a concentration gradient if permeable to the selective membrane. The second experiment proved different solute concentrations affect the movement of water, depending on the solute concentration inside the cell. The purpose of this lab was to look for different solutes that can cross an artificial membrane and to observe the effect of different concentrations of sucrose on the mass of a potato cell.Results for Part One suggested that the molecular weight of albumin and starch was too large to pass through the dialysis tube, but glucose and sodium sulfate molecules were small enough to pass through the dialysis tube. Also, a decrease in water weight occurred due the dialysis tube being placed in a hypertonic solution. Results for Par Two showed the potato cell having a molar concentration of 0. 2734, which caused sucrose concentrations above 0. 2 M to have a decrease in mass. Inversely, sucrose concentrations below 0. 2 M caused an increase in mass.Diffusion is the random movement of molecules spreading evenly into available space (Cain, Jackson, Minorsky, Reece, & Urry, 2011). Movement of water also follows a similar concept, however, water can act as a shield for solutes and become unavailable to diffuse while in other cases water is free and will move to an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration: this processes is better known as osmosis (Keith, Messing, Schmitt, & Feingold, 2010). Osmosis and diffusion can occur along a permeable membrane or selective membrane.A cell with a selective membrane allows small molecules and ions to pass through but excludes others; also, substances that are able to pass through the membrane do so at different rates. On the other hand, permeable membranes al low nonpolar molecules, such as hydrophobic molecules (water fearing), to dissolve in the lipid bilayer, which allows the molecule to easily cross the membrane. However, molecules such as glucose can pass through the lipid bilayer, but not as rapidly as nonpolar molecule (Cain et al. , 2011).Understanding the concept of osmosis helps explain why lakes cannot have an increase in salinity. If saltiness of a lake increases, species living in the lake could die. This occurs when the lake water becomes hypertonic solution, which causes the animal cells to lose an excessive amount of water forcing the cell to shrivel up and die (Cain et al. , 2011). On the contrary, understanding the concept of diffusion can help explain why after spraying perfume in one area of the room, then after several minutes, the perfume is smelled throughout the room.This is because particles of the perfume move randomly and eventually spread out evenly throughout the room. Moreover, in the experiment performed, d iffusion and osmosis was observed using artificial systems (plastic membranes) and potato cells. The null hypothesis for Part One of the experiment is that the concentration gradient has no effect on the weight of the dialysis tube. The alternate hypothesis is that the weight of the dialysis tube will be affected by the concentration gradient.The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment is that the increase of sucrose concentration has no effect on the mass of the potato cell. The alternate hypothesis is that the difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. This experiment tests all hypotheses and helps to explain the concepts of diffusion and osmosis. Materials and Methods: Part One: Gloves were used to obtain a 20 cm section of dialysis tube that had soaked in a beaker of distilled water prior to the experiment. The dialysis tube was cleaned with distilled water and then tied off to form a pouch.Once the pouch was formed, 3 mL of starch and so dium sulfate solution was placed inside the tube, and then tied off and weighed. The weight obtained was recorded as initial weight. While weighing the dialysis tube with the solution of starch and sodium sulfate, eight test tubes were obtained and solution of starch/sodium sulfate was added to two test tubes labeled bag start (Keith et al. , 2010). After weighing dialysis tubing of starch/sodium sulfate and adding the solution to two test tubes, the tubing was placed in a beaker containing a solution of albumin and glucose.Next, 1. 0 mL of albumin and glucose were then placed in two test tubes labeled solution start. The tubing in the albumin/glucose solution was kept inside the solution for 75 minutes. Every 15 minutes the solution and tube was mixed (Keith et al. , 2010). At the end of the 75 minutes, two 1. 0 mL samples of the albumin/glucose solution from the beaker were added to two test tubes labeled solution end. Then, the dialysis tube was removed from the beaker and rinsed off with distilled water. Once the tubing was rinsed and blotted dry the final water weight was recorded.After measuring the final water weight, the contents in the tubing was dumped into a beaker and 1. 0 mL of starch/sodium sulfate solution was added to two test tubes labeled bag end (Keith et al. , 2010). In order to test for glucose, a glucose dip and read strip was placed in the first set of test tubes that were labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solution end. Then, a protein dip-and-read strip was placed in the same set of test tubes and the results were recorded from both glucose and protein strips.After testing for protein, solution and bag samples were tested for sodium sulfate. To test for sodium sulfate, three drops of 2% barium chloride were added to the second set of test tubes labeled bag start, solution start, bag end, and solution end. The results were observed and then recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). To see if starch was present in the solutions, iodin e solution was added to the first set of test tubes that were used for the glucose and protein strips. Results were then observed and recorded (Keith et al. , 2010). Part two: Seven beakers were obtained. 0 mL of solution labeled 0. 2 M sucrose, 0. 4 M sucrose, 0. 6 M sucrose, 0. 8 M sucrose, 1 M sucrose, distilled water, and unknown were each placed in different beakers. Then, a potato was sliced into 28 cylinders using a cork borer. The cylinders were separated into seven groups of four and then placed under a paper towel until the group was ready to weigh the potato cylinders. Once prepared to weigh the cylinders, the weight of each group of cylinders was recorded. Four cylinders were placed into each beaker and sat for an hour (Keith et al. , 2010).After the beakers sat for an hour at room temperature, the potato cylinders were then removed and blotted dry. Final weight was recorded for each group of potato cylinders. To calculate the percentage change, the following equation wa s used (Keith et al. , 2010): Percent change =Ending mass-Starting massStarting mass? 100% Results: Part One Results for the first experiment revealed certain molecular weights were unable to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. Table 1 shows that albumin (protein) and starch were unable to pass through the selective membrane.Albumin’s molecular weight was approximately 64,000 Daltons and starch’s molecular weight was greater than 100,000 Daltons; these results were already known. Initially, glucose was present outside of the dialysis tube but in final results glucose was found in the final bag and final solution. On the contrary, sodium sulfate was initially present inside the dialysis tube but in the final results only, sulfate ion was found in the final solution. The last result was the change in water weight. Water had decreased from the initial weight. The following results are shown in Table 1.Table 1: Diffusion of solutes through an artificial membra ne after 75 minutes. | Glucose | Sulfate ion| Protein| Starch| Water weight (g)| Inside bag| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Initial| -| +| -| +| 16. 59 g| Final| +| -| -| +| 16. 05 g| Outside bag| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Initial| +| +| +++| -| Â  | Final| +| +| +++| -| Â  | Part Two In the second experiment results showed different concentrations of sucrose affected the potatoes’ mass. In the beakers containing 0. 0 M (distilled water) and 0. 2 M concentration of sucrose resulted in water entering the potato cell, which caused the cell to increase in mass.The beakers containing 0. 4 M, 0. 6 M, 0. 8 M, and 1 M of sucrose concentration had the opposite effect on the potatoes mass. Therefore, the higher the concentration was the greater amount of water left, causing the cell to decrease in mass. Also, the unknown concentration was found to be 0. 5 M of sucrose, which caused the mass in the potato cells to decrease as a result of water leaving the cell. The following infor mation is displayed in Table 2. Table 2: Percent change in mass of potato cells after being placed in different sucrose concentrations, also the differences in initial and final mass.Contents in beaker| Initial mass| Final mass| Mass difference| % Change in mass| a. Distilled Water| 0. 82| 0. 92| 0. 1| 12. 20%| b. 0. 2 M Sucrose| 0. 65| 0. 69| 0. 04| 6. 20%| c. 0. 4 M Sucrose| 0. 62| 0. 56| -0. 06| -9. 70%| d. 0. 6 M Sucrose| 0. 69| 0. 58| -0. 1| -15. 90%| e. 0. 8 M Sucrose| 0. 61| 0. 48| -0. 13| -21. 30%| f. 1 M Sucrose| 0. 74| 0. 57| -0. 17| -23%| g. Unknown| 0. 77| 0. 7| -0. 07| -9. 10%| The molar concentration of the potato cell was found to be 0. 2734 M. The molecular weight was found by looking for the x-intercept on the graph below (Figure 2. . Figure 2: Percent change in mass of potato cells put in different concentrations of sucrose. Discussion: Part One of the experiment indicated that the dialysis tube was selectively permeable and only molecular weight fewer than 64,000 Daltons were able to pass through the membrane. This explains why albumin and starch were unable to pass through the membrane because their molecules were too large. Conversely, glucose was able to pass through the selectively permeable membrane due to its relatively small molecular weight.However, because glucose was present in both the final bag and final solution this meant that glucose had evenly distributed its molecules by complying with the concept of diffusion. Sulfate ions present outside the dialysis tube in the final results show that sulfate ions were also able to diffuse through the selective membrane into the final solution. A decrease in water weight from initial weight shows that the dialysis tube was placed in a hypertonic solution causing more of the inside solution to diffuse to the outside leading to a decrease in the final weight of the bag.The null hypothesis is rejected in Part One of the experiment because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of t he dialysis tube. This is due to the fact that sodium sulfate completely left the bag, thus causing the bag to decrease in weight. The reason why sodium sulfate left is because there was no sodium sulfate in the solution; therefore, molecules went to an area of lower concentration. The alternate hypothesis is not rejected because the concentration gradient did affect the weight of the dialysis tube.This is proven by a decrease in initial weight due to sodium sulfate leaving the tube. Part Two of the experiment showed that the potato cells had some kind of change in their mass after being placed in different sucrose concentrations. The change in mass occurred because water either left the cell or entered the cell depending on the sucrose concentration. This explains why distilled water had the greatest increase in mass, because water wanted to go to an area (potato cell) of higher concentration from an area of low concentration.On the other hand, 1 M of sucrose concentration had the greatest decrease in mass because water wanted to leave the cell to move to an area of higher concentration. Therefore, if the concentration was greater than the molar concentration of the potato cell than water left the cell at a faster rate. The null hypothesis for Part Two of the experiment proved to be wrong because an increase in sucrose concentration did have an affect on the change in mass of the potato cell.Increased sucrose concentration changed the mass of the cell because the concentration was higher than the molar concentration of the potato cell. Thus, the alternate hypothesis is proven correct. The difference in sucrose concentration will affect the mass of the potato cell. References: Cain, M. L. , Jackson, R. B. , Minorsky, P. V. , Reece, J. B. , & Urry, L. A. (2011). Biology (9th Edition ed. ). San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. Keith, E. , Messing, C,. Schmitt, E. , Feingold, J. (2010). Laboratory Exercises in Biology (3rd ed. ). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publi shing Company.

The Death Of Patients With Pneumococcal Pneumonia

The leading cause of death in patients diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia is respiratory failure. Other causes include respiratory and systemic organ failure (3). The Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium has a lethal role in causing respiratory failure in patients with pneumonia. This disease is infectious in humans of all ages, but children and the elderly are at higher risk (5). Pneumonia can be classified based on how you can contract it. The basic types of pneumonia include; community-acquired pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and opportunistic pneumonia. Out of the four different types, community-acquired pneumonia is the most common(2). Streptoccocus pneumoniae is not a stranger to the human body.†¦show more content†¦Specific ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) are one group of transporters that provide the mechanics for substrate transport in pneumococci. They can import carbon amino acid substrates, carbohydrates, a nd other nutrients needed by the cell (1, 4). They can also export material such as the outer surface adhesins, degradation enzymes and synthetic capsular components. Additionally, these transporters are vital to the cell’s ability to take up DNA and they function as efflux pumps to counter antibiotics. When describing the mechanism, it is important to note that the ABC transporter has two ATPases attached to it to help generate energy, two permeases that intersect the membrane and a substrate binding protein that acts as a receptor. In the presence of ATP, the permease causes a conformation change in the transporter that allows the substrate binding protein to release the substrate (1). Hydrolysis of ATP causes the substrate to enter the cell. Once ADP and Pi is released, the transporter resets to the resting state(1). Substrate transport as described above is important to the existence of pneumococci in hosts. For this reason, the bacterium has reserved much genetic space for the synthesis of components that make this mechanism successful. When the involved lungs are examined, one can note that changes occur anatomically and physiologically in pneumonia patients. Vascular enlargement and the formationShow MoreRelatedA Research Proposal Investigating How Nursing Home Acquired Can Be Preventable Through Practice Improvement Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesStudent’s Name University Affiliation Date Abstract Pneumonia is a significant factor that leads to morbidity as well as mortality in nursing home residents. It has a one-month mortality rate that range from 15-35%. Nursing home residents are frequently referred to hospitals for diagnostic tests. They may as well be provided with acute health care services. In our qualitative study, we shall examine residents and family members’ perspective on pneumonia prevention. 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